Passenger Briefing and Preflight (partial)

Objective

Upon completion of this lesson, the commercial helicopter pilot applicant will be able to conduct a comprehensive passenger briefing and properly secure all items in the aircraft in accordance with 14 CFR Part 91 regulations and manufacturer guidelines. The student will demonstrate professional communication skills, systematic checklist use, appropriate risk management through ADM/SRM/CRM principles, and proper management of helicopter automation when applicable. Performance will meet the standards specified in FAA-S-ACS-16, Task CH.II.B, with particular emphasis on commercial pilot professionalism and thoroughness appropriate for passenger-carrying operations under 14 CFR §61.133.

Content

Passenger Briefing Requirements (CH.II.B.K1)

Regulatory Foundation

14 CFR §91.107 establishes the legal requirements for safety belt use:

• Each person on board must occupy an approved seat or berth with a safety belt properly secured during taxi, takeoff, and landing
• Each person 2 years of age or older must occupy a seat or berth with a safety belt and shoulder harness (if installed) properly secured during taxi, takeoff, and landing
• Safety belts must be worn during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing
• Shoulder harnesses must be worn during takeoff and landing if installed at crewmember stations (front seats in most helicopters)

Beyond Regulatory Minimums

As a commercial pilot exercising passenger-carrying privileges under 14 CFR §61.133, you are held to higher standards than the private pilot. Your briefing must be:

• Comprehensive: Cover all aspects of the flight environment specific to helicopters
• Professional: Delivered clearly, confidently, and in a manner that inspires passenger confidence
• Systematic: Follow a logical sequence that passengers can remember
• Documented: Use a checklist to ensure nothing is omitted

The SAFETY Briefing Framework

A standardized briefing format ensures consistency and completeness. The acronym SAFETY provides a memorable structure:

S - Seats, Seatbelts, Shoulder Harnesses

• Demonstrate proper adjustment and securing of lap belts and shoulder harnesses
• Explain that all restraints must remain fastened during taxi, takeoff, landing, and in turbulence
• Show passengers how to tighten restraints (many passengers leave belts too loose)
• Emphasize that the PIC will advise when it is safe to loosen restraints in flight if desired
• Address child restraint systems if applicable (must meet 14 CFR §91.107 requirements)

A - Air and Aircraft Controls

• Identify and explain environmental controls passengers may adjust (vents, heat)
• Identify controls passengers must NOT touch (cyclic, collective, pedals, switches)
• Explain the importance of not restricting flight control movement
• Discuss intercom operation if installed

F - Fire and Emergency Exits

• Identify location of fire extinguisher
• Brief emergency exit procedures specific to the helicopter type
• Explain door operation (many helicopter doors are removed or opened differently than car doors)
• Discuss emergency egress procedures, including the importance of moving away from the helicopter at a 45-degree angle to avoid rotor blades

E - Equipment and Electronics

• Explain use of intercom and headset systems
• Brief on portable electronic device policies (reference 14 CFR §91.21)
• Identify location of survival equipment if carried
• Discuss supplemental oxygen if required for the flight

T - Traffic and Talking

• Explain sterile cockpit procedures (no unnecessary conversation during critical phases)
• Discuss what passengers should look for and how to call out traffic
• Explain that the PIC may need to interrupt conversation for ATC communications or critical tasks
• Establish protocol for passenger questions during flight

Y - Your Pilot in Command

• Clearly identify yourself as the PIC and final authority for the flight
• Explain that passengers should follow all instructions from the PIC immediately
• Establish what passengers should do if they feel uncomfortable or ill
• Provide reassurance while establishing command authority

Critical Helicopter-Specific Items

Beyond the SAFETY briefing, helicopter operations require additional emphases:

Rotor Blade Avoidance This is the most critical safety item unique to helicopters. Your briefing must include:

• Never approach or depart the helicopter without PIC clearance and visual confirmation
• Always approach and depart from the front where the pilot can see you (3 o’clock to 9 o’clock positions)
• Move at a 45-degree angle to the front, never toward the rear
• Stay in a crouched position when near the helicopter
• On sloped terrain, always approach and depart from the downhill side (the rotor disc is closest to the ground on the uphill side)
• Never run near a helicopter
• Maintain visual contact with the pilot during approach and departure
• Secure all loose items (hats, charts, bags) before exiting
• Never go back for dropped items without pilot clearance

Door Operation and Security

• Many helicopters fly with doors removed or open—brief accordingly
• Explain how to properly close and latch doors if applicable
• Discuss what to do if a door opens in flight (notify pilot immediately, do not attempt to secure it yourself)
• Explain the impact of open doors on aircraft weight and balance and performance

Photography and Movement

• Brief on acceptable movement and camera use in flight
• Explain that large movements affect helicopter controllability
• Establish communication for photo opportunities
• Discuss leaning or extending cameras outside the aircraft (if permitted) only with pilot approval

Motion Sickness Management

• Provide sick bags and their location
• Explain importance of looking at the horizon, not inside the aircraft
• Establish communication if passenger feels unwell
• Plan for diversion if necessary

Use of Appropriate Checklists (CH.II.B.K2)

Checklist Philosophy for Commercial Pilots

As a commercial pilot, checklist discipline is non-negotiable. The NTSB accident database shows that failure to use checklists properly contributes to numerous accidents, including gear-up landings, engine failures due to fuel mismanagement, and control system malfunctions.

Types of Checklists

Normal Checklists

• Preflight inspection
• Before starting engine
• Before takeoff
• Cruise
• Before landing
• After landing
• Securing helicopter

Emergency Checklists

• Engine failure in hover and flight
• Tail rotor failure
• Hydraulic system failure
• Electrical system failure
• Emergency landing procedures

Checklist Usage Methods

Read-and-Do Method

• Read each item, perform the action, verify completion
• Appropriate for non-time-critical operations
• Ensures nothing is missed
• Recommended for preflight, after landing, securing aircraft

Do-Verify Method

• Perform actions from memory (flow pattern)
• Use checklist to verify each item was completed
• Appropriate for time-critical operations or frequently repeated procedures
• Common for before takeoff, before landing checklists in familiar aircraft

Challenge-Response Method

• One pilot reads challenge, other responds with action and verification
• Requires two crew members
• Most thorough method, used in turbine helicopters with two pilots

Passenger Briefing Checklist

A written passenger briefing checklist ensures thoroughness and demonstrates professionalism. Include:

• Pilot in command identification
• Flight route and duration brief
• SAFETY briefing items
• Rotor blade avoidance procedures
• Questions or concerns addressed

Documentation

While 14 CFR Part 91 does not require documentation of passenger briefings, professional practice suggests maintaining a record, especially for commercial operations. Consider:

• Passenger acknowledgment of briefing (written or verbal confirmation)
• Logbook notation of number of passengers briefed
• Records of special briefings for unusual operations (aerial work, photography flights)

Requirements for Current and Appropriate Navigation Data (CH.II.B.K3)

Regulatory Requirements

14 CFR §91.103 requires pilots to become familiar with all available information concerning the flight before departure. For commercial operations, this includes:

Chart Currency

• VFR sectional charts expire every 6 months
• Terminal area charts (TAC) expire every 6 months
• Grand Canyon VFR chart expires annually
• Chart supplement (formerly A/FD) revised every 56 days
• Using expired charts for navigation may constitute careless operation under 14 CFR §91.13

Determining Chart Currency

• Check the publication date printed on the chart
• Verify the expiration date
• Confirm you have the current edition, not a previous version

Where to Obtain Current Data

• FAA Digital-Aeronautical Information Gateway (AeroNav products)
• ForeFlight, Garmin Pilot, or other EFB providers (verify update frequency)
• Fixed-base operators and pilot shops
• FAA.gov for free digital downloads

Database Currency in GPS and EFB Systems

Modern helicopters often have panel-mounted GPS navigators and/or pilots use electronic flight bag (EFB) applications. Currency requirements differ based on operation:

VFR Operations

• No regulatory requirement for database currency for VFR GPS navigation
• However, using outdated data that leads to airspace violation or unsafe operation can be enforcement action under 14 CFR §91.13
• Professional standard: Update databases at each revision cycle (28 or 56 days depending on system)

IFR Operations

• 14 CFR §91.175 and §91.411 mandate current databases for IFR GPS navigation
• Expired databases prohibit use of GPS for IFR navigation
• While not applicable to this VFR commercial lesson, commercial pilots must understand this distinction as they progress toward instrument ratings

Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs)

TFRs are not depicted on sectional charts and require active checking:

• Check FSS briefings
• Review NOTAMs
• Use online resources (1800wxbrief.com, ForeFlight)
• TFRs commonly occur for Presidential movements, wildfires, sporting events, disaster areas
• Violating a TFR is a serious enforcement action, potentially including certificate suspension

Special Use Airspace Status

• Verify activation times for MOAs, restricted areas, alert areas
• Check NOTAMs for changes to published schedules
• Contact controlling agency for real-time status if necessary

Other Navigation Data

• Airport information (Automated Flight Service Station briefings, Chart Supplement)
• Obstacle data
• Communication frequencies
• Weather information

Securing Items and Cargo (CH.II.B.K4)

Regulatory Foundation

14 CFR §91.15: “No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be carried in that aircraft if the object might adversely affect the safety of the aircraft or persons on board.”

This regulation places responsibility directly on the PIC. As a commercial pilot carrying passengers, you must ensure that every item in the aircraft is properly secured.

Weight and Balance Implications

Before addressing securement, verify that:

• All passengers and baggage are within weight and balance limits
• Weight and balance calculations include all items (cameras, coolers, extra fuel, tools)
• Baggage does not exceed baggage compartment limits (structural limits, not just capacity)

Categories of Items to Secure

Passenger Personal Items

• Purses, backpacks, camera bags
• Must be stowed where they cannot interfere with flight controls
• Must be secured so they cannot shift during flight
• In helicopters with baggage compartments, use them—do not allow loose items in cabin
• Small items (phones, cameras in use) must be secured with straps or lanyards

Survival and Safety Equipment

• Fire extinguisher: Must be secured in accessible location, not loose
• First aid kit: Secured but accessible
• Survival gear: Must not shift to interfere with controls or exits
• Life vests (overwater operations): Brief passengers on location and use

Flight Materials

• Charts, checklists, tablets
• Secure with kneeboard, clipboard, or EFB mount
• Loose charts can jam flight controls or obscure instruments

Cargo for Commercial Operations

Under 14 CFR §61.133, commercial privileges allow carriage of property for compensation. Cargo must be:

• Properly secured with nets, straps, or other approved means
• Arranged so it cannot shift in turbulence or maneuvering
• Within weight and balance envelope
• Not blocking emergency exits or safety equipment
• Not creating a fire hazard

External Cargo

If conducting external load operations under 14 CFR Part 133, additional certification and operational requirements apply. This is beyond the scope of basic commercial privileges and requires specific training and authorization.

Pre-Departure Verification

Before every flight, conduct a visual scan:

1. All doors and panels closed and latched (unless operating with doors removed)
2. Baggage compartments secured
3. Passenger items stowed
4. No loose articles in cabin
5. Camera straps and lanyards attached if equipment will be used in flight

In-Flight Considerations

Brief passengers that:

• Items must remain secured during flight
• Notify PIC if anything comes loose
• Do not attempt to retrieve dropped items during flight
• Do not place items in a position where they could fall into flight controls

Risk Management: Use of Systems or Equipment (CH.II.B.R1)

Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs)

14 CFR §91.21 prohibits operation of PEDs that interfere with aircraft systems. While less restrictive than airline operations (14 CFR §121.306), the regulation still applies.

PIC Authority

• The PIC determines which PEDs may be used and when
• Consider helicopter type—older helicopters with less shielded avionics may be more susceptible to interference
• Establish and brief a policy: “Use of phones and cameras is permitted once we’re established in cruise flight. Please turn off or set to airplane mode during critical phases of flight.”

Risk Management Strategy

• Request airplane mode or power off during startup, takeoff, landing
• Monitor for unusual avionics behavior
• Prohibit PED use if any indication of interference
• Brief passengers on this policy before flight

Automation Management

Many modern helicopters are equipped with:

• GPS navigators (Garmin GTN/GNS series, Avidyne)
• Autopilots (especially in turbine helicopters)
• Electronic flight displays (glass cockpits)
• Traffic advisory systems

Automation Risk Factors

• Task saturation: Programming GPS while maneuvering increases collision risk
• Mode confusion: Autopilot modes not properly understood lead to loss of control
• Complacency: Over-reliance on automation reduces situational awareness
• Distraction: Heads-down time in the cockpit while programming systems

Mitigation Strategies

• Program GPS and automation on the ground before departure when possible
• Use simplified direct-to functions in flight rather than complex flight plan modifications
• Maintain visual scan priority: “Fly the aircraft first, navigate second”
• Brief passengers not to interrupt during automation programming
• Disable or disconnect autopilot if workload becomes excessive

Intercom and Communication Systems

• Test before flight
• Brief passengers on push-to-talk procedures if installed
• Explain how to adjust volume
• Clarify that pilot transmissions to ATC take priority

Risk Management: Inoperative Equipment (CH.II.B.R2)

Equipment Categories

Understanding what may be inoperative and when operations may continue is critical for commercial pilots:

Required Equipment (14 CFR §91.205)

For VFR day flight, the acronym ATOMATOFLAMES identifies required equipment:

• A - Airspeed indicator
• T - Tachometer (for each engine)
• O - Oil pressure gauge (for each engine)
• M - Manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine)
• A - Altimeter
• T - Temperature gauge (for each liquid-cooled engine)
• O - Oil temperature gauge (for each air-cooled engine)
• F - Fuel gauge (indicating quantity in each tank)
• L - Landing gear position indicator (if retractable gear)
• A - Anti-collision lights (for aircraft certified after March 11, 1996)
• M - Magnetic compass
• E - Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
• S - Safety belts (and shoulder harnesses for front seats)

For VFR night, add FLAPS:

• F - Fuses (spare set or 3 spares of each required kind)
• L - Landing light (if for hire)
• A - Anti-collision lights
• P - Position lights (navigation lights)
• S - Source of power (generator/alternator)

Additional Requirements from Type Certificate

The helicopter’s Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) and Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) may require equipment beyond Part 91 minimums. These requirements are binding.

Kinds of Operations Lists (KOEL)

Some helicopter flight manuals include a KOEL, which specifies:

• What equipment is required for different types of operations
• Conditions and limitations for operating with certain inoperative equipment

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

• Optional document (requires FAA approval) that allows operation with certain inoperative equipment
• Most small helicopters do not have an MEL
• Without an approved MEL, 14 CFR §91.213(d) procedures apply

Operating with Inoperative Equipment: 14 CFR §91.213(d)

If equipment becomes inoperative and no MEL exists:

1. Determine if the equipment is required: Check §91.205, TCDS, RFM, ADs, operational rules (e.g., §91.126 for operating on or near an airport)

2. If not required, the aircraft may be operated if:

   • The inoperative equipment is removed, placarded “INOPERATIVE,” or deactivated
   • A record is made in the maintenance logbook describing the inoperative equipment
   • The aircraft must be operated under conditions that do not require the equipment

3. If required, the equipment must be repaired or replaced before flight

Risk Management Decisions

As PIC, you must assess:

• Is flight legal? (Does inoperative equipment violate regulations?)
• Is flight safe? (Even if legal, does the inoperative equipment compromise safety?)
• Can the mission be accomplished? (Will passengers be adequately served?)

Example Scenarios

• Inoperative intercom: Not required by regulation, but severely impacts communication with passengers and safety briefing effectiveness. Consider postponing flight.
• Inoperative landing light: Required for night hire operations (14 CFR §91.205). Flight not legal at night if operating for hire.
• Inoperative hour meter: Not required equipment. Placard “INOPERATIVE” and note in logbook. Track time by other means (watch, Hobbs, tach time).

Commercial Pilot Responsibility

As a commercial pilot, passengers expect:

• Professional decision-making regarding airworthiness
• Conservative approach to safety
• Clear communication if equipment limitations affect the flight experience

Do not launch with questionable equipment just because it may be technically legal. Your certificate and reputation depend on good judgment.

Risk Management: Passenger Distractions (CH.II.B.R3)

Sterile Cockpit Concept

Borrowed from 14 CFR §121.542 (airline operations), the sterile cockpit concept prohibits non-essential activities during critical phases of flight:

• Taxi
• Takeoff
• Landing
• Flight below 10,000 feet (less applicable to helicopters, but the principle remains)

While not required by regulation for Part 91 operations, this concept is a critical risk management tool.

Critical Phases in Helicopter Operations

Helicopter operations have unique critical phases:

• Startup: Engine starting, systems checks
• Takeoff to hover and departure: Transition through translational lift, low-altitude maneuvering
• Approaches and landings: Especially confined areas, pinnacles, or off-airport sites
• Low-altitude operations: Any operation below 500 feet AGL where reduced reaction time is available
• High-density altitude operations: Where power margins are reduced
• Autorotations: Though passengers should not be aboard for practice autorotations to the ground

Common Passenger Distractions

• Questions about how the helicopter works
• Requests for photos or sightseeing deviations
• Motion sickness or discomfort complaints
• Phone calls or texting (if permitted in cruise)
• Pointing out landmarks or traffic
• Unnecessary conversation

Risk Mitigation Strategies

Pre-Flight Briefing

• Explain that conversation may be limited during busy phases
• Establish that the pilot may ask for silence if workload increases
• Encourage questions but explain they may need to wait for appropriate times

Assertiveness

• Do not hesitate to ask passengers to stop talking during critical phases
• Use clear, direct language: “I need you to hold that question while I complete this approach”
• Passengers will respect professional boundaries if explained

Anticipation

• Brief passengers before maneuvering or entering busy airspace
• Preempt questions by narrating what you’re doing when workload permits
• Encourage traffic callouts but filter non-urgent comments

CRM/SRM Application

• Single-pilot resource management (SRM) includes managing passengers as a resource
• Passengers can assist with traffic scanning when properly briefed
• Passengers can help with navigation and chart reading on cross-country flights
• Passengers can monitor systems (e.g., monitoring for smoke, unusual vibrations, warning lights)

Red Flags Requiring Immediate Attention

Certain passenger statements demand immediate PIC attention even during critical phases:

• “I don’t feel well” (risk of vomiting, incapacitation)
• “The door isn’t latched” (structural risk, aerodynamic effects)
• “I smell smoke” or “I see smoke” (fire indication)
• “Something just fell off the helicopter” (structural failure)
• “There’s a helicopter right there!” (collision avoidance)

Professional Passenger Management

Your demeanor sets the tone:

• Calm, confident, and friendly but clearly in command
• Responsive to passenger needs without compromising safety
• Educational when appropriate, but safety always comes first
• Willing to delay, divert, or land early if passenger issues arise

Skill Application and ADM

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) in Passenger Operations

The PAVE checklist applies to passenger briefing and preflight:

P - Pilot

• Am I current and proficient for this flight with passengers?
• Is my focus appropriate, or am I distracted by passenger interactions?
• Am I fatigued or under stress that might affect my ability to manage passengers and fly?

A - Aircraft

• Is the aircraft airworthy?
• Is inoperative equipment properly addressed?
• Are all items properly secured?
• Is weight and balance within limits?

V - enVironment

• Will weather or operational environment affect passenger comfort or safety?
• Are there TFRs or airspace restrictions requiring extra attention?
• Will terrain or operations require additional passenger briefing?

E - External Pressures

• Are passengers pressuring me to launch with questionable equipment?
• Am I feeling rushed and skipping checklist items?
• Is passenger schedule pressure affecting my decision-making?

The 5P Model

Commercial pilots should also apply the 5P model continuously:

• Plan: Is my flight plan appropriate? Do I have current navigation data?
• Plane: Is the helicopter properly configured and all items secured?
• Pilot: Am I managing workload effectively with passengers aboard?
• Passengers: Are they briefed, comfortable, and not creating distractions?
• Programming: Are automation and systems properly managed?

Schedule

Equipment

Required Aircraft and Materials

• Helicopter configured for flight (student’s typical training helicopter or commercial training aircraft)
• Current Rotorcraft Flight Manual (RFM) for the aircraft
• Current manufacturer’s checklist for the aircraft
• Passenger briefing checklist (custom or commercially available)

Required FAA References

• FAA-H-8083-21B, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook (Chapter 11: Helicopter Safety and Operations)
• FAA-H-8083-9, Aviation Instructor’s Handbook (Chapter 5: Teaching Practical Skills)
• FAA-S-ACS-16, Commercial Pilot—Helicopter Airman Certification Standards (Area of Operation II, Task B)
• 14 CFR Part 61 (Subpart F: Commercial Pilots, §61.133)
• 14 CFR Part 91 (Subpart B: Flight Rules, specifically §91.103, §91.107, §91.15, §91.21, §91.213)
• Current VFR Sectional Chart for local area
• Chart Supplement (formerly Airport/Facility Directory) for local area

Visual Aids and Teaching Materials

• Whiteboard or flipchart for SAFETY acronym and key concepts
• Diagrams showing helicopter rotor blade danger zones and approach/departure paths
• Examples of expired vs. current charts (marked copies)
• Sample NOTAM printouts showing TFRs
• Sample cargo securement equipment (nets, straps, bungees)
• Sample passenger briefing card (if available for helicopter type)
• Photos or videos demonstrating proper rotor blade avoidance procedures

Recommended Supplemental Materials

• ASA Helicopter Oral Exam Guide by Ryan Dale (commercial pilot sections on regulations and operations)
• Aircraft-specific POH/RFM for reference to equipment lists and limitations
• Sample FAA enforcement actions related to passenger briefing failures or improper cargo securement (for case study discussion)

Instructor Actions

1. Begin with motivation and context: “You’ve earned your commercial certificate, which means passengers can now pay you to fly them. That privilege comes with heightened responsibility. Today we’re going to make you an expert in passenger briefings—not just meeting the minimum legal requirements, but delivering the kind of professional briefing that makes passengers feel safe and confident in your skills.”

2. Explain the regulatory foundation: “Let’s start with what the FARs actually require. Open 14 CFR §91.107 and read it with me. Notice it says ‘each person’ and ‘properly secured’—that means you are responsible for ensuring passengers comply, not just telling them to comply. As a commercial pilot under §61.133, you can be compensated for flying passengers and cargo. That raises the stakes.”

3. Introduce the SAFETY briefing framework: “I’m going to teach you a systematic approach called the SAFETY briefing. Write this acronym down: S-A-F-E-T-Y. Each letter represents a critical component of your passenger briefing. This structure ensures you never miss anything and gives you a professional framework that you can adapt to any helicopter and any passenger.”

4. Teach each SAFETY component individually: Walk through seats/seatbelts, air/aircraft controls, fire/emergency exits, equipment/electronics, traffic/talking, and your role as PIC. For each component, provide specific examples: “When you brief seatbelts, don’t just point to them. Demonstrate how to tighten and release them. Many passengers will cinch the belt too loose, and in turbulence or an accident, that won’t protect them.”

5. Emphasize rotor blade avoidance: “This is the single most critical piece of your briefing that is unique to helicopters. Stand up and walk with me through this. Approach from the 3 o’clock position, stay crouched, keep eye contact with me as the pilot. Now, let’s talk about sloped terrain. Picture landing on a hillside. The main rotor disc is level, so it’s much closer to the ground on the uphill side. Always approach and depart from the downhill side where you have clearance. Never, ever go uphill toward the tail rotor.”

6. Demonstrate checklist discipline: “As a commercial pilot, you cannot afford to skip checklist items. I want you to develop the habit of using a written passenger briefing checklist every single time. Even if you’ve briefed this passenger before, even if you’ve briefed ten passengers already today. Here’s why: fatigue, distraction, and complacency cause us to skip items. The checklist is your protection against yourself.”

7. Discuss navigation data currency: “Pull out your sectional chart. Look at the top right corner—what’s the publication date? What’s the expiration date? Now ask yourself: would you want to bet your commercial certificate on using an expired chart? What if that expired chart doesn’t show a new tower, a new TFR area, or a raised obstacle? §91.103 requires familiarity with all available information—that means current information.”

8. Explain the risk of inoperative equipment: “Let’s say you walk out for a commercial flight and notice the landing light is inoperative. Can you still fly? Walk me through §91.213(d). First, is it required? For VFR day operations, no. For night operations for hire, yes—it’s in the FLAPS acronym. So during the day, you can legally fly if you placard it inoperative and make a logbook entry. But is it safe? What if your flight runs late and you return after dark? As a commercial pilot, you need to think beyond ‘Can I legally do this?’ to ‘Should I do this?’”

9. Address passenger distractions with scenarios: “Imagine you’re on final approach to a confined area, managing a quartering tailwind, when your passenger says, ‘Hey, can we circle back so I can get a photo of that waterfall?’ What do you say? You need to be comfortable saying, ‘I’ll be happy to do that after we land and I can brief the approach safely.’ Professional doesn’t mean rude—it means confident and assertive about safety priorities.”

10. Demonstrate portable electronic device policy: “Before startup, tell passengers: ‘I need all phones and electronic devices in airplane mode or powered off during startup, takeoff, and landing. Once we’re in cruise, you’re welcome to use them. If I notice any interference with the avionics, I’ll ask you to turn them off.’ Practice saying that out loud right now. You need to sound authoritative but not overbearing.”

11. Role-play passenger scenarios: “I’m going to be your passenger. Give me the complete SAFETY briefing as if we’re about to fly. I may ask questions, point things out, or act distracted—you need to manage me professionally and ensure I understand everything before we go flying.”

12. Provide immediate feedback during role-play: When the student delivers their first briefing, give specific, constructive feedback: “Good job identifying yourself as PIC and making eye contact. I noticed you rushed through the rotor blade avoidance section—that needs to be slower and more deliberate. Let me show you: ‘Before you exit the helicopter, wait for me to give you a thumbs-up. Then open your door, stay crouched, and move directly to my 3 o’clock position. Never go toward the back of the helicopter.’ See the difference?”

13. Conduct a walk-around to inspect securement: “Now let’s go to the helicopter. Show me how you secure loose items. Where does this flight bag go? What about this camera? What about charts and this iPad? Talk me through your thought process. Remember, if the collective gets jammed by a loose item, we’re going to have a very bad day.”

14. Debrief the securement inspection: “You did well, but I saw you put that bag in the back seat without securing it. In turbulence, that bag can slide forward into the cyclic or collective. Use a seatbelt to secure it, or put it in the baggage compartment. Don’t assume things will stay put.”

15. Present scenario: expired chart discovered: “You’re on the ramp with passengers loaded, and you notice your sectional expired two weeks ago. What do you do? Right answer: apologize to passengers, explain you need to obtain a current chart, and delay the flight. Wrong answer: launch anyway because you know the area. This is an integrity test—failing it can cost you your certificate.”

16. Present scenario: passenger wants to bring large cooler: “Your passenger shows up with a cooler that’s too large for the baggage compartment. Walk me through your decision process. First, weight and balance—does it fit within limits? Second, where can it be secured? If it can’t be properly secured without interfering with controls or exits, you refuse it. Practice saying, ‘I understand this is important to you, but I cannot safely secure this item in the aircraft. Let’s find a smaller alternative.’”

17. Present scenario: intercom fails during runup: “Your intercom isn’t working. The radios work fine, but you can’t communicate with passengers via headset. Can you legally fly? Yes, if the intercom isn’t required by the TCDS or RFM. Should you fly? Think about it: how will you communicate with passengers in a noisy helicopter? How will you deliver critical instructions in an emergency? This is a scenario where good judgment says to scrub the flight or fix the intercom.”

18. Conduct final evaluation: “I’m going to observe you conduct one complete passenger briefing from start to finish, including securing all items in the aircraft and using the checklist. I’ll be evaluating against the ACS standards. Pretend I’m a paying passenger who has never flown in a helicopter. Treat this as the real thing.”

19. Provide comprehensive debrief: “Let’s talk about what you did well and where you can improve. You made excellent eye contact, you were systematic with the SAFETY acronym, and you demonstrated the seatbelt operation clearly. Area for improvement: when I asked about the emergency exit, you pointed at it but didn’t show me how to operate it. In a real emergency, your passenger needs to know how to open that door. Also, your rotor blade avoidance briefing needs more emphasis—this is life-or-death information. Slow down, make eye contact, and confirm understanding.”

20. Assign homework and next steps: “Before our next lesson, I want you to review the aircraft-specific checklist and POH/RFM for your helicopter. Memorize the SAFETY acronym and practice delivering each section out loud. You should be able to give a complete passenger briefing without looking at notes. Also, check the expiration date on all your charts and order updates if needed. Bring your updated materials to the next lesson.”

Student Actions

1. Review all assigned FAA references prior to the lesson, including 14 CFR §91.107, §91.103, §91.15, §91.21, §91.213, and relevant sections of the Rotorcraft Flying Handbook.

2. Actively participate in ground instruction by taking notes on the SAFETY acronym, regulatory requirements, and risk management principles.

3. Ask clarifying questions about any aspect of passenger briefings, checklist usage, navigation data requirements, or cargo securement that is unclear.

4. Observe the instructor’s demonstration of a complete passenger briefing at the aircraft, noting tone, pacing, clarity, and emphasis on critical items.

5. Conduct first passenger briefing with instructor role-playing as a passenger, following the SAFETY framework and using the passenger briefing checklist.

6. Accept and apply feedback from the instructor regarding delivery, completeness, professionalism, and clarity of the briefing.

7. Practice securing items in the aircraft, demonstrating proper placement and securement of flight bags, charts, cameras, and simulated passenger items.

8. Use the checklist systematically during all briefing and securement procedures, demonstrating read-and-do method for thoroughness.

9. Conduct second passenger briefing incorporating all feedback, demonstrating improvement in areas identified during first attempt.

10. Participate in scenario-based discussions, verbally explaining appropriate actions for expired charts, inoperative equipment, and passenger distraction scenarios.

11. Respond to scenario challenges posed by the instructor, demonstrating aeronautical decision-making and appropriate risk management strategies.

12. Perform final evaluation briefing to ACS standards, treating the instructor as a paying passenger and conducting a complete, professional passenger briefing and securement procedure.

13. Self-critique performance during the debrief, identifying areas of strength and areas requiring additional practice.

14. Complete assigned homework including review of aircraft-specific procedures, memorization of SAFETY briefing components, and verification of chart and navigation data currency.

15. Demonstrate professionalism throughout the lesson by arriving prepared, maintaining focus, and showing the attention to detail expected of a commercial pilot.

Completion Standards

The student has successfully completed this lesson when they can, without assistance from the instructor:

1. Conduct a comprehensive passenger briefing that includes all elements of the SAFETY acronym (Seats/seatbelts/shoulder harnesses, Air/aircraft controls, Fire/emergency exits, Equipment/electronics, Traffic/talking, Your PIC authority), delivered in a clear, confident, professional manner that inspires passenger confidence and meets the communication standards expected of a commercial pilot.

2. Demonstrate proper rotor blade avoidance procedures by briefing passengers on approach and departure paths (3 o’clock to 9 o’clock positions, 45-degree angle to the front, always from downhill side on sloped terrain), crouched posture, maintaining visual contact with PIC, and prohibition on retrieving dropped items or moving toward tail rotor without explicit clearance.

3. Identify and brief on all required safety equipment use in accordance with 14 CFR §91.107, including proper demonstration of seatbelt and shoulder harness operation, securing and tightening methods, and requirement to remain secured during taxi, takeoff, landing, and turbulence.

4. Use appropriate checklists systematically for passenger briefing and preflight procedures, demonstrating either read-and-do or do-verify method as appropriate for the operation, and ensuring no items are omitted.

5. Verify currency and appropriateness of navigation data by checking expiration dates on sectional charts (6-month validity), confirming database currency in GPS/EFB systems, checking for TFRs via FSS or online resources, and ensuring Chart Supplement and other publications are current within their 56-day revision cycle.

6. Properly secure all items in the aircraft by placing flight bags, charts, cameras, passenger belongings, and any cargo in designated areas where they cannot interfere with flight controls, obstruct emergency exits, or shift during maneuvering, using seatbelts, nets, straps, or other securement devices as appropriate, and conducting a final visual scan before flight to verify nothing is loose in the cabin.

7. Manage portable electronic devices appropriately by briefing passengers on PED policies (airplane mode or powered-off during critical phases), explaining PIC authority to restrict PED use under 14 CFR §91.21, and demonstrating willingness to prohibit devices if any indication of avionics interference occurs.

8. Apply 14 CFR §91.213(d) procedures correctly when confronted with inoperative equipment scenarios by determining whether the equipment is required by §91.205, TCDS, RFM, or operational rules; evaluating whether the aircraft can be operated safely with the equipment inoperative; placarding the equipment “INOPERATIVE”; and making or ensuring a maintenance logbook entry is made, or correctly refusing to fly if required equipment is inoperative.

9. Manage passenger distractions effectively by establishing sterile cockpit expectations during the briefing, assertively but professionally asking passengers to defer non-critical questions or conversation during critical phases of flight (startup, takeoff, approach, landing, low-altitude operations), and maintaining primary focus on aircraft control and navigation regardless of passenger activity.

10. Demonstrate aeronautical decision-making and risk management by applying the PAVE and 5P models to scenarios involving inoperative equipment, passenger behavior, expired navigation data, and automation management; verbalizing risk factors; identifying mitigation strategies; and making conservative decisions that prioritize safety over convenience or passenger pressure.

11. Program and manage helicopter automation appropriately (when applicable to aircraft type) by programming GPS and avionics on the ground when possible, using simplified functions in flight to minimize heads-down time, maintaining visual scan priority over automation tasks, and disconnecting or disabling automation if workload becomes excessive.

12. Communicate professionally and clearly throughout all procedures, using terminology that is understandable to non-pilots, speaking at an appropriate pace for passenger comprehension, making eye contact, confirming passenger understanding through questions or acknowledgment, and projecting command authority while remaining approachable.

Performance Standards per ACS CH.II.B:

• All passenger briefing elements included and delivered clearly
• All checklists used appropriately and completely
• All items secured properly with no loose articles in cabin
• Navigation data verified as current and appropriate for planned flight
• Risk management strategies articulated and applied correctly
• Professional demeanor maintained throughout all interactions
• Commercial pilot standards of thoroughness and attention to detail demonstrated

Evaluation Criteria:

The student meets the completion standards when the instructor observes consistent performance meeting the criteria above on at least two consecutive complete passenger briefings and securement procedures without prompting or assistance. Any omission of critical safety items (particularly rotor blade avoidance procedures, seatbelt operation, or PIC identification) requires remediation and re-evaluation. The student must demonstrate the judgment and professionalism expected of a commercial pilot exercising passenger-carrying privileges under 14 CFR §61.133.