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AT.I.A ground lesson 60–90 minutes

EQUIPMENT EXAMINATION

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION · Task EQUIPMENT EXAMINATION

Completion Standards

Student demonstrates knowledge of all AT.I.A items to ATP ACS standards without reference to materials. Risk management items correctly identified. All skill elements performed to ATP ACS tolerances.

Objective

The student will exhibit airline transport pilot level knowledge of helicopter systems and components, correctly identifying and explaining the operation, limitations, and indications for landing gear, powerplant, fuel, oil, hydraulic, electrical, environmental, avionics, ice protection, crew equipment, rotor systems, and pitot-static systems. The student will demonstrate thorough familiarity with the POH/RFM, MEL (if applicable), and Operations Specifications (if applicable) for the training helicopter, using precise technical terminology appropriate to turbine helicopter operations. Upon completion, the student will meet the knowledge standards of 14 CFR §61.156 and ATP ACS task AT.I.A.

Content

Introduction

Equipment examination at the ATP level requires comprehensive, systems-level understanding beyond rote memory. As an ATP helicopter pilot, you’re expected to explain not just what a system does, but how it works, what happens when it fails, and how systems interact. This knowledge forms the foundation for sound aeronautical decision-making, crew resource management, and serving as pilot-in-command in complex turbine helicopters.

ATP candidates typically fly turbine helicopters—Bell 206, Bell 407, AS350, EC130, etc.—which have significantly more complex systems than piston trainers. Today we’ll cover each major system category, focusing on operational knowledge, limitations, and the interconnected nature of helicopter systems.

Landing Gear Systems

Key Teaching Points:

Helicopters use either skid gear or wheeled landing gear. Most light turbines use skids; medium and heavy helicopters often use wheels.

Skid Gear:

Wheeled Landing Gear:

Powerplant Systems

Turbine Engine Fundamentals:

Turboshaft engines convert fuel energy into shaft horsepower rather than thrust. Understanding the gas flow path is essential.

Basic gas path: Inlet → Compressor → Combustion chamber → Gas producer turbine → Power turbine → Exhaust

Engine Controls:

Engine Indications:

Induction System:

Exhaust System:

Turbine Components:

Fire Detection and Protection:

Engine Mounting:

Fuel System

Fuel Capacity and Configuration:

Most turbine helicopters have main tanks in fuselage sponsons or beneath cabin floor. Know total usable, unusable, and auxiliary tank capacities for your aircraft.

Fuel System Components:

Fuel Management:

Fuel Grades and Additives:

Fueling and Defueling:

Emergency Fuel Substitutions:

Oil System

Engine Oil:

Transmission and Gearbox Oil:

Hydraulic System

System Function:

Hydraulic boost systems reduce pilot control forces. In most light turbines, hydraulics assist flight controls and sometimes landing gear/brakes.

Components:

System Operation:

Hydraulic System Capacity:

Electrical System

Power Generation:

Electrical System Components:

Indicators and Controls:

External and Auxiliary Power:

Circuit Protection:

Environmental Systems

Heating and Ventilation:

Air Conditioning (if installed):

Oxygen Systems (if installed):

Pressurization (rare in helicopters):

Avionics and Communications

Flight Instruments and Displays:

Navigation Systems:

Autopilot and Flight Director:

Communications:

Transponder:

Ice Protection Systems

Airframe Ice Protection:

Pitot-Static System Protection:

Ice Detection:

Operating Limitations:

Crewmember and Passenger Equipment

Oxygen Equipment:

Survival Gear:

Emergency Exits and Evacuation:

Passenger Briefing Items (14 CFR §91.519, §135.117):

Main and Tail Rotor Systems

Main Rotor System Components:

Main Transmission:

Tail Rotor System:

Rotor Brake (if installed):

System Limitations:

Oil and Fluid Levels:

Pitot-Static System and Instruments

Pitot-Static System Components:

Instruments Powered by Pitot-Static System:

Gyroscopic Instruments:

Power Sources for Flight Instruments:

System Failures:

POH/RFM Knowledge

Pilot Operating Handbook/Rotorcraft Flight Manual:

The POH/RFM is the legal document containing operating limitations, procedures, performance data, and weight/balance information. ATP pilots must demonstrate thorough familiarity with all sections:

Key POH/RFM Sections:

  1. General Information: aircraft description, dimensions, terminology
  2. Limitations: airspeed, rotor RPM, torque, temperature, weight, CG, operational limits
  3. Emergency Procedures: bold-face immediate action items, amplified procedures
  4. Normal Procedures: preflight through post-shutdown checklists
  5. Performance: HOGE/HIGE charts, cruise performance, range and endurance, height-velocity diagram
  6. Weight and Balance: CG limits, loading schedules, moment calculations
  7. Systems Description: detailed explanation of all aircraft systems
  8. Handling, Service, and Maintenance: servicing specifications, inspection requirements
  9. Supplements: equipment installations, optional systems, POH amendments

Specific System Information in POH/RFM:

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

MEL Fundamentals:

The MEL allows operation with specific inoperative equipment under specified conditions. Per 14 CFR §91.213 (for Part 91) and §135.179 (for Part 135), the MEL is derived from the Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) published by the aircraft manufacturer and approved by the FAA.

MEL Categories:

MEL Authorization:

Using the MEL:

  1. Verify inoperative item is listed in MEL
  2. Check category and time limitation
  3. Follow required procedures and placards (often marked with (M) or (O))
  4. Record discrepancy in maintenance logbook
  5. Inform crew and passengers of inoperative equipment
  6. Comply with any operational restrictions

Items Not in MEL:

Operations Specifications (OpSpecs)

Operations Specifications Overview:

For Part 135 operations, Operations Specifications (OpSpecs) are the FAA-approved document authorizing specific operations. OpSpecs contain:

Key OpSpec Paragraphs:

Equipment-Related OpSpecs:

ATP Pilot Responsibilities:

ATP-Level Equipment Examination Integration

Professional Approach:

As an ATP pilot, your systems knowledge must support:

Teaching Methodology:

Use system integration scenarios: “If the hydraulic low-pressure light illuminates and the chip detector light illuminates simultaneously, what systems are potentially affected and what’s your immediate course of action?” This tests interconnected knowledge rather than rote memory.

Use the “explain it to a new hire” standard: If you can clearly teach a system to a less experienced pilot, you truly understand it.

Schedule

PhaseDurationActivity
Instructor Preparation30 minReview aircraft POH/RFM, MEL, OpSpecs; prepare system diagrams and cockpit photos
Introduction and Objectives10 minOverview of lesson, ATP equipment knowledge standards, importance in professional operations
Landing Gear Systems15 minSkid and wheeled gear components, indications, limitations
Powerplant Systems30 minTurbine engine operation, controls, indications, components, fire protection
Fuel System20 minCapacity, components, management, grades, fueling procedures
Oil System15 minEngine and transmission oil specifications, quantities, monitoring
Hydraulic System15 minComponents, operation, fluid specifications, pressure monitoring
Electrical System20 minPower generation, distribution, circuit protection, external power
Environmental Systems15 minHeating, ventilation, air conditioning, oxygen systems
Avionics and Communications25 minNavigation systems, autopilot, communications, transponder, ELT
Ice Protection10 minAirframe and pitot-static ice protection, limitations
Crew and Passenger Equipment15 minOxygen, survival gear, emergency exits, evacuation procedures
Main/Tail Rotor Systems20 minComponents, transmissions, oil levels, rotor brake, limitations
Pitot-Static System10 minComponents, powered instruments, failures
POH/RFM, MEL, OpSpecs15 minRequired knowledge, how to use these documents effectively
Integration Exercise20 minSystem interaction scenarios and failure analysis
Review and Questions15 minClarifications, discussion, student questions
Completion Standards Evaluation15 minOral evaluation of system knowledge and terminology
Total5 hoursFull lesson duration

Equipment

Required Materials

Visual Aids

Reference Materials

Physical Equipment

Instructor Actions

  1. Introduction and Briefing (10 min)

    • Explain that ATP-level equipment examination goes beyond “what it does” to “how it works, why it works that way, and what happens when it fails.”
    • Emphasize that this knowledge is foundational for single-pilot resource management and crew resource management in professional operations.
    • State completion standards: the student must correctly explain each system using proper terminology, identify components and indications, and reference POH/RFM limitations accurately.
    • Ask the student to describe their background with turbine helicopters and familiarity with the training aircraft to tailor the lesson.

  2. Landing Gear Systems Instruction (15 min)

    • If training helicopter has skid gear, walk through skid construction, cross tubes, shock absorption systems, and ground-handling wheels; show photos of skid shoes and elastomeric bearings.
    • If training helicopter has wheeled gear, explain retraction system, position indicators, nosewheel steering controls, brake system (hydraulic accumulator, antiskid), and tire inspection requirements.
    • Reference POH/RFM sections showing landing gear limitations and maintenance requirements.
    • Ask comprehension questions: “What indication confirms the landing gear is down and locked?” “How do you check the hydraulic accumulator for brake pressure?”

  3. Powerplant Systems Instruction (30 min)

    • Use a turbine engine diagram to trace the gas path: inlet → compressor → combustion chamber → gas producer turbine → power turbine → exhaust.
    • Explain engine controls: throttle/power lever function, governor operation, correlator system anticipating collective inputs.
    • Walk through engine indications: N1, N2, torque, TGT/TOT, oil pressure/temperature, fuel flow.
    • Discuss induction systems: particle separators, engine anti-ice, inlet screens.
    • Explain fire detection loops, fire extinguisher bottles, discharge procedures, and overheat detection.
    • Show photos of engine mounting points, accessory gearbox, and turbine components visible during preflight.
    • Reference specific POH/RFM limitations for TGT, torque, N1/N2, and starting procedures.
    • Use analogy: “The governor is like cruise control in your car—it maintains a set RPM by adjusting fuel flow automatically when load changes.”

  4. Fuel System Instruction (20 min)

    • Present fuel system schematic showing tanks, boost pumps, engine-driven pump, fuel control unit, filters, and drains.
    • Explain fuel capacity (total, usable, unusable) for the training helicopter using POH/RFM data.
    • Discuss crossfeed and transfer operations if applicable.
    • Review fuel grades: Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B; explain color coding, FSII additives, and biocides.
    • Walk through fueling procedures: grounding, contamination checks, fuel sampling from drains.
    • Explain hot refueling procedures and limitations if authorized per OpSpecs.
    • Discuss emergency fuel substitutions (if any) per POH/RFM.
    • Reference 14 CFR §91.151 fuel requirements for VFR and §91.167 for IFR.

  5. Oil System Instruction (15 min)

    • Explain engine oil system: capacity, grade (MIL-PRF-23699), operating quantities, consumption rates.
    • Discuss oil pressure and temperature indications, normal operating ranges, and limitations.
    • Explain transmission oil systems: main transmission and tail rotor gearbox oil capacities, grades, and inspection intervals.
    • Discuss chip detectors: function (magnetic attraction of metal particles), cockpit annunciators, and immediate actions when chip light illuminates.
    • Show how to check oil levels using dipstick or sight gauges; explain “cold” vs. “hot” oil level markings.
    • Reference POH/RFM oil specifications and servicing procedures.

  6. Hydraulic System Instruction (15 min)

    • Present hydraulic system schematic: pump, reservoir, servos, accumulators, pressure regulator.
    • Explain hydraulic boost function: reducing control forces by assisting flight control inputs.
    • Discuss hydraulic fluid grades: MIL-H-5606 (red) vs. MIL-H-83282 (purple), flash points, and compatibility.
    • Explain system pressure (typical 1000-3000 psi), low-pressure warning light, and manual reversion procedures.
    • Discuss dual hydraulic systems in larger helicopters for redundancy.
    • Demonstrate checking hydraulic fluid reservoir level and acceptable quantities per POH/RFM.
    • Reference emergency procedures for hydraulic failure and control force considerations.

  7. Electrical System Instruction (20 min)

    • Walk through electrical system components: starter-generator, alternator, battery, bus bars, circuit breakers.
    • Explain power generation: how starter-generator functions during start and switches to generation mode.
    • Discuss battery capacity, voltage (28V typical), and ampere-hour ratings.
    • Explain voltage regulation, ammeter/loadmeter indications, and normal operating ranges (27-29V).
    • Discuss essential bus, battery bus, and circuit protection devices.
    • Explain external power connections, GPU ratings, and APU operation if installed.
    • Review circuit breaker operation: never force a tripped breaker, investigate cause, reference POH/RFM for reset procedures.
    • Reference 14 CFR §91.205 equipment requirements including electrical system components for day/night VFR and IFR.

  8. Environmental Systems Instruction (15 min)

    • Explain heating systems: combustion heater operation or bleed air heating, temperature controls, defog/demist.
    • Discuss air conditioning (if installed): vapor-cycle operation, controls, refrigerant monitoring.
    • Explain oxygen systems per 14 CFR §91.211: continuous-flow, diluter-demand, or pressure-demand types.
    • Discuss oxygen bottle capacity (cubic feet), pressure (1800-2200 psi), duration calculations.
    • Explain quick-donning crew oxygen masks and passenger oxygen deployment.
    • Discuss pressurization systems (rare in helicopters) if applicable.
    • Reference POH/RFM environmental system operation and limitations.

  9. Avionics and Communications Instruction (25 min)

    • Walk through EFIS displays: PFD, MFD, standby instruments.
    • Explain navigation systems: VOR, NDB/ADF, ILS, GPS/GNSS, RNAV, FMS; discuss frequencies and operational uses.
    • Discuss autopilot modes: heading hold, altitude hold, navigation tracking, approach coupling; explain engagement/disengage procedures and limitations.
    • Explain flight director command bars and how they integrate with autopilot.
    • Discuss communication radios: VHF COM, HF (if installed), intercom, audio panel operation.
    • Explain transponder modes: A, C, S, and ADS-B Out; discuss code selection and altitude reporting.
    • Explain ELT: 406 MHz satellite vs. 121.5 MHz, activation methods, battery life, and testing per 14 CFR §91.207.
    • Use analogy: “The autopilot is like having a copilot who never gets tired but needs constant supervision—you’re always monitoring.”

  10. Ice Protection Instruction (10 min)

    • Explain FIKI certification status of training helicopter (most light turbines are not FIKI).
    • Discuss rotor blade deice boots (if installed): pneumatic or electrothermal operation.
    • Explain windshield anti-ice electrical heating elements.
    • Discuss pitot heat: mandatory for IFR flight, should be ON in visible moisture.
    • Explain engine inlet anti-ice or particle separator deice functions.
    • Discuss ice detection systems (if installed) and pilot visual ice monitoring.
    • Emphasize operating limitations: if not FIKI-certified, flight into known icing is prohibited; exit icing conditions immediately.
    • Reference 14 CFR §91.527 (icing equipment requirements for commercial operations) and POH/RFM ice protection procedures.

  11. Crew and Passenger Equipment Instruction (15 min)

    • Discuss oxygen equipment: crew quick-donning masks, portable passenger masks, oxygen regulators.
    • Explain survival gear requirements per 14 CFR §91.509 (life vests for overwater beyond gliding distance) and §135.167 (Part 135 overwater equipment).
    • Discuss life raft requirements per 14 CFR §135.168 for extended overwater operations.
    • Explain ELT requirements, testing, and battery expiration per 14 CFR §91.207.
    • Discuss first aid kit requirements per 14 CFR §135.177.
    • Walk through emergency exits: locations, placards, jettison procedures.
    • Explain evacuation procedures, crew duties, and emergency lighting systems.
    • Review passenger briefing requirements per 14 CFR §91.519 and §135.117: seatbelts, exits, life vests, oxygen, smoking, fire extinguishers.
    • Reference OpSpecs for additional equipment requirements in Part 135 operations.

  12. Main and Tail Rotor Systems Instruction (20 min)

    • Use rotor system diagrams or photos to identify hub, blades, swashplate, pitch links, dampers.
    • Explain main rotor blade construction, balance, tracking requirements.
    • Discuss main transmission: reduction ratios, oil capacity, oil pressure/temperature monitoring, chip detectors.
    • Explain freewheeling unit (sprag clutch) function during autorotations.
    • Discuss tail rotor components: gearbox, blades, driveshaft, intermediate gearboxes, pitch control linkage.
    • Explain rotor brake operation (if installed): engagement limitations, parking function.
    • Discuss rotor RPM limitations: minimum Nr for blade sailing, maximum Nr structural limits, normal operating range.
    • Explain torque limitations: continuous, transient, takeoff torque per POH/RFM.
    • Discuss transmission torque limits and how they may differ from engine limits.
    • Explain oil and fluid level checks: main transmission oil (check every 25-50 hours), tail rotor gearbox oil, hydraulic fluid reservoir.
    • Reference acceptable tolerances from POH/RFM (typically ±0.25 quart for transmission).

  13. Pitot-Static System Instruction (10 min)

    • Explain pitot tube (ram air pressure) and static ports (ambient pressure) locations on helicopter.
    • Discuss pitot heat operation and importance for IFR flight.
    • Explain alternate static source valve and effects when used (altimeter reads high, airspeed reads high, VSI shows climb initially).
    • Walk through instruments powered by pitot-static system: airspeed indicator, altimeter, VSI, air data computer for EFIS.
    • Explain gyroscopic instruments: attitude indicator, heading indicator, turn coordinator.
    • Discuss power sources: electrically-driven gyros, vacuum systems (older helicopters), battery backup for standby instruments.
    • Explain failure indications: red flags on mechanical instruments, red X on EFIS displays.
    • Discuss pitot blockage effects (airspeed unreliable) vs. static blockage effects (all three pitot-static instruments unreliable).

  14. POH/RFM, MEL, and OpSpecs Instruction (15 min)

    • Review POH/RFM sections: General, Limitations, Emergency Procedures, Normal Procedures, Performance, Weight and Balance, Systems Description, Supplements.
    • Explain how to find specific system information: use table of contents and index, cross-reference between sections.
    • Discuss limitations section: airspeed, rotor RPM, torque, temperature, weight, CG, operational limits—these are legal operating limits.
    • Explain MEL: purpose (operational flexibility), categories (A, B, C, D), time limitations, required procedures.
    • Demonstrate using the MEL: look up an inoperative item, identify category and limitations, follow (M) procedures.
    • Discuss when MEL cannot be used: equipment required by Part 91/135 regulations, items required by AD or TCDS, items affecting airworthiness.
    • Explain OpSpecs (for Part 135 operations): authorized areas, aircraft, equipment, maintenance programs.
    • Discuss ATP pilot responsibilities: ensure aircraft configuration complies with POH/RFM, MEL, OpSpecs, and regulations.
    • Emphasize that as an ATP pilot, you are expected to be the expert on the aircraft—know the POH/RFM thoroughly.

  15. Integration Exercise (20 min)

    • Present system interaction scenarios to test integrated knowledge:
      • “The hydraulic low-pressure light illuminates. What systems are affected? What immediate actions do you take? What are the handling characteristics with hydraulic failure?”
      • “You’re in cruise flight when the chip detector light illuminates. What does this indicate? What are your immediate actions? What systems might be affected?”
      • “The low-voltage warning light illuminates. What has failed? What systems might lose power? What’s your priority sequence for load shedding?”
      • “You notice fuel imbalance between left and right tanks. What system controls fuel balance? What actions do you take? How does fuel imbalance affect CG?”
      • “During runup, TGT is higher than normal and N1 is lower than normal. What does this indicate? Is this condition safe for takeoff?”
    • Guide the student through each scenario, encouraging systematic analysis and decision-making.
    • Emphasize crew resource management: clearly communicate system status, involve other crewmembers (if applicable), use checklists.

  16. Review and Questions (15 min)

    • Summarize key teaching points from each system category.
    • Ask the student if any systems need clarification or additional explanation.
    • Address any questions from the student.
    • Clarify any misunderstandings or gaps in knowledge.
    • Preview that the next lesson will build on this systems knowledge during preflight inspection and aircraft servicing tasks.

  17. Completion Standards Evaluation (15 min)

    • Conduct oral evaluation of equipment examination knowledge using POH/RFM, diagrams, and cockpit photos.
    • Ask the student to identify and explain specific systems, components, indications, and limitations.
    • Evaluate terminology: the student must use correct technical terms (e.g., “gas producer turbine” not “compressor turbine,” “freewheeling unit” not “clutch”).
    • Confirm the student can locate information in POH/RFM, MEL, and OpSpecs quickly and accurately.
    • Assess the student’s ability to explain system interactions and failure effects.
    • Provide immediate feedback on performance: identify strengths and areas requiring additional study.
    • Document completion of AT.I.A knowledge requirements in student training records.

Student Actions

  1. Listen Actively During Introduction

    • Take notes on lesson objectives and ATP equipment knowledge standards.
    • Ask clarifying questions about lesson structure or expectations.
    • Share background with turbine helicopters to help instructor tailor content.

  2. Engage with Landing Gear Instruction

    • Review landing gear diagrams and photos; identify components.
    • If training helicopter has skid gear, locate skid shoes, cross tubes, shock absorbers in photos or during walkaround.
    • If training helicopter has wheeled gear, identify position indicators on instrument panel, locate nosewheel steering controls, review brake system operation.
    • Ask questions about landing gear limitations and maintenance requirements.

  3. Participate in Powerplant Systems Instruction

    • Follow gas path on turbine engine diagram; trace from inlet to exhaust.
    • Identify engine controls in cockpit photos: throttle, fuel condition lever, engine start switches.
    • Locate engine indications on instrument panel: N1, N2, torque, TGT, oil pressure/temperature, fuel flow.
    • Review POH/RFM limitations for TGT, torque, and starting procedures; write down critical limits.
    • Ask questions about governor operation, correlator function, and fire detection/protection systems.

  4. Engage with Fuel System Instruction

    • Study fuel system diagram; identify tanks, boost pumps, engine-driven pump, FCU, drains.
    • Locate fuel quantity indicators on instrument panel; note full capacity and usable fuel from POH/RFM.
    • Understand crossfeed and transfer operations if applicable; practice explaining fuel management procedures.
    • Learn Jet A specifications: freezing point, color, additives (FSII).
    • Review fueling procedures: grounding, contamination checks, hot refueling limitations.
    • Ask questions about emergency fuel substitutions and fuel system failures.

  5. Participate in Oil System Instruction

    • Locate oil system components on engine diagram: oil pumps, filters, cooler, chip detectors.
    • Review oil specifications: capacity, grade (MIL-PRF-23699), operating quantities.
    • Identify oil pressure and temperature gauges on instrument panel; note normal operating ranges.
    • Understand chip detector function and immediate actions when chip light illuminates.
    • Practice explaining how to check engine oil and transmission oil levels using POH/RFM procedures.

  6. Engage with Hydraulic System Instruction

    • Study hydraulic system schematic; identify pump, reservoir, servos, accumulators, pressure regulator.
    • Understand hydraulic boost function and control force reduction.
    • Learn hydraulic fluid grades: MIL-H-5606 (red) vs. MIL-H-83282 (purple).
    • Locate hydraulic pressure gauge and low-pressure warning light on instrument panel.
    • Review manual reversion procedures from POH/RFM emergency procedures section.
    • Ask questions about hydraulic system failures and control force considerations.

  7. Participate in Electrical System Instruction

    • Study electrical system schematic; identify starter-generator, battery, alternator, bus bars, circuit breakers.
    • Locate voltmeter and ammeter/loadmeter on instrument panel; note normal voltage range (27-29V).
    • Understand circuit breaker operation: thermal protection, never force reset, investigate trips.
    • Review external power connection procedures from POH/RFM.
    • Practice load-shedding procedures in case of generator failure.
    • Ask questions about essential bus operation and battery backup duration.

  8. Engage with Environmental Systems Instruction

    • Locate heating and ventilation controls; review operation from POH/RFM.
    • If AC installed, understand vapor-cycle operation and controls.
    • If oxygen system installed, locate oxygen bottle, pressure gauge, masks, regulators.
    • Calculate oxygen duration using bottle capacity, crew/passenger count, and altitude.
    • Review quick-donning mask procedures and passenger oxygen briefing.
    • Ask questions about oxygen requirements per 14 CFR §91.211 and environmental system limitations.

  9. Participate in Avionics and Communications Instruction

    • Identify EFIS displays, standby instruments, navigation radios, communication radios on instrument panel.
    • Understand autopilot modes and engagement/disengage procedures; locate autopilot controls.
    • Review flight director operation and command bar interpretation.
    • Locate transponder, understand code selection, altitude reporting, ADS-B Out operation.
    • Understand ELT operation, testing requirements per 14 CFR §91.207, battery life.
    • Ask questions about navigation system operation, autopilot limitations, and communication procedures.

  10. Engage with Ice Protection Instruction

    • Determine FIKI certification status of training helicopter from POH/RFM.
    • Locate pitot heat switch; understand when pitot heat must be ON.
    • If rotor deice installed, review operation from POH/RFM supplements.
    • Understand windshield anti-ice operation and limitations.
    • Review ice detection methods: visual inspection, ice detector probes (if installed).
    • Ask questions about operating limitations in icing conditions and exit procedures.

  11. Participate in Crew and Passenger Equipment Instruction

    • Locate crew oxygen masks, passenger oxygen, survival gear, life vests, life raft (if installed), ELT, first aid kit.
    • Review emergency exit locations and jettison procedures from placards and POH/RFM.
    • Understand evacuation procedures and crew duties.
    • Practice passenger briefing per 14 CFR §91.519 and §135.117: seatbelts, exits, life vests, oxygen, smoking, fire extinguishers.
    • Review equipment requirements per 14 CFR §91.509, §135.167, §135.168, §91.207.
    • Ask questions about survival gear appropriate to route of flight and OpSpecs requirements.

  12. Engage with Main and Tail Rotor Systems Instruction

    • Study rotor system diagrams; identify hub, blades, swashplate, pitch links, dampers, transmission.
    • Understand main transmission function: reduction ratio, oil capacity, cooling, chip detection.
    • Review tail rotor components: gearbox, driveshaft, intermediate gearboxes, pitch control.
    • Understand rotor brake operation and limitations (never apply above specified RPM).
    • Review rotor RPM limitations: minimum Nr for blade sailing, maximum Nr structural limits.
    • Review torque limitations: continuous, transient, takeoff torque from POH/RFM.
    • Practice explaining oil and fluid level checks: main transmission, tail rotor gearbox, hydraulic reservoir.
    • Ask questions about transmission oil specifications, chip detector operation, and rotor system failures.

  13. Participate in Pitot-Static System Instruction

    • Locate pitot tube and static ports on helicopter photos or during walkaround.
    • Understand pitot heat operation; locate pitot heat switch on instrument panel.
    • Locate alternate static source valve; understand effects when used.
    • Identify pitot-static instruments: airspeed indicator, altimeter, VSI, air data computer.
    • Identify gyroscopic instruments: attitude indicator, heading indicator, turn coordinator.
    • Review failure indications: red flags, red X on displays.
    • Understand pitot blockage vs. static blockage effects.
    • Ask questions about pitot-static system failures and alternate static source procedures.

  14. Engage with POH/RFM, MEL, and OpSpecs Instruction

    • Review POH/RFM table of contents; practice finding specific system information quickly.
    • Read limitations section thoroughly; highlight critical limitations for training helicopter.
    • Study sample MEL pages; identify categories, time limitations, required procedures (M) and (O).
    • Practice using MEL: select an inoperative item, identify category, follow procedures.
    • Understand when MEL cannot be used: items required by regulation, AD, TCDS, or affecting airworthiness.
    • If Part 135 training, review applicable OpSpecs sections: authorized equipment, aircraft configuration, maintenance program.
    • Ask questions about POH/RFM interpretation, MEL usage, and OpSpecs compliance.

  15. Participate in Integration Exercise

    • Analyze system interaction scenarios presented by instructor.
    • Think systematically: identify failed system, affected systems, immediate actions, emergency procedures.
    • Use POH/RFM emergency procedures section to guide responses.
    • Explain crew resource management considerations: communicate clearly, involve other crewmembers, use checklists.
    • Ask clarifying questions during scenarios if system interactions are unclear.
    • Demonstrate professional decision-making and risk assessment.

  16. Ask Questions During Review

    • Identify any systems or concepts requiring clarification.
    • Ask questions about system interactions, failures, or emergency procedures.
    • Request additional examples or analogies if concepts are unclear.
    • Confirm understanding of completion standards for AT.I.A evaluation.

  17. Demonstrate Knowledge During Evaluation

    • Respond to instructor’s oral evaluation questions clearly and accurately.
    • Use correct technical terminology consistently.
    • Locate information in POH/RFM, MEL, and OpSpecs quickly when asked.
    • Explain system operation, components, indications, and limitations thoroughly.
    • Identify and explain system interactions and failure effects.
    • Demonstrate professional-level systems knowledge appropriate for ATP operations.
    • Accept feedback constructively; take notes on areas requiring additional study.

Completion Standards

The student demonstrates airline transport pilot level understanding of helicopter equipment by meeting the following standards for ACS task AT.I.A:

  1. Landing Gear Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies and explains landing gear components (skids: cross tubes, shock absorbers, skid shoes, ground-handling wheels; or wheels: retraction system, position indicators, nosewheel steering, brakes, antiskid, tires).
    • Accurately describes landing gear indications and limitations per POH/RFM.
    • Uses correct terminology for all landing gear components and systems.

  2. Powerplant Knowledge:

    • Accurately explains turbine engine operation: gas path from inlet through exhaust, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine stages.
    • Correctly identifies and explains engine controls: throttle/power lever, governor, correlator, fuel condition lever, start switches.
    • Accurately describes engine indications: N1, N2, torque, TGT/TOT, oil pressure/temperature, fuel flow, and normal operating ranges.
    • Explains induction system components: particle separator, inlet screens, engine anti-ice.
    • Accurately describes fire detection and protection systems: fire loops, cockpit annunciators, extinguisher bottles, discharge procedures.
    • Uses correct terminology for all powerplant components (e.g., “gas producer turbine,” “power turbine,” “fuel control unit”).

  3. Fuel System Knowledge:

    • Accurately states fuel capacity (total, usable, unusable) for training helicopter per POH/RFM.
    • Correctly identifies fuel system components: tanks, boost pumps, engine-driven pump, FCU, filters, drains.
    • Accurately describes crossfeed, transfer, and jettison operations (if applicable).
    • Correctly identifies fuel grades: Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B; states color, freezing points, and additives (FSII, biocides).
    • Accurately explains fueling and defueling procedures: grounding, contamination checks, hot refueling limitations.
    • Correctly states emergency fuel substitutions (if any) per POH/RFM.
    • Uses correct terminology for all fuel system components.

  4. Oil System Knowledge:

    • Accurately states oil capacity, grade (MIL-PRF-23699 or equivalent), and operating quantities for engine and transmissions per POH/RFM.
    • Correctly describes oil pressure and temperature indications and normal operating ranges.
    • Accurately explains chip detector function and immediate actions when chip light illuminates.
    • Correctly describes how to check oil levels: engine, main transmission, tail rotor gearbox.
    • Uses correct terminology for all oil system components.

  5. Hydraulic System Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies hydraulic system components: pump, reservoir, servos, accumulators, pressure regulator.
    • Accurately explains hydraulic boost function and control force reduction.
    • Correctly identifies hydraulic fluid grades: MIL-H-5606 (red) vs. MIL-H-83282 (purple) and compatibility.
    • Accurately describes system pressure (typical range), low-pressure warning, and manual reversion procedures.
    • Correctly states hydraulic fluid capacity and acceptable quantities per POH/RFM.
    • Uses correct terminology for all hydraulic system components.

  6. Electrical System Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies electrical system components: starter-generator, alternator, battery, bus bars, circuit breakers.
    • Accurately explains power generation: starter-generator operation, voltage regulation.
    • Correctly describes battery capacity (ampere-hours), voltage (28V typical), and generator output (amps).
    • Accurately describes voltmeter and ammeter/loadmeter indications and normal ranges (27-29V).
    • Correctly explains circuit breaker operation: never force reset, investigate trips.
    • Accurately describes external power connections, GPU ratings, and APU operation (if installed).
    • Uses correct terminology for all electrical system components.

  7. Environmental Systems Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies environmental system components: combustion heater or bleed air heating, air conditioning (if installed), oxygen system (if installed).
    • Accurately describes heating, cooling, ventilation, and defog/demist operation per POH/RFM.
    • If oxygen installed, correctly states bottle capacity, pressure, flow types (continuous-flow, diluter-demand, pressure-demand), and duration calculations.
    • Accurately explains quick-donning mask procedures and passenger oxygen deployment.
    • Correctly cites oxygen requirements per 14 CFR §91.211.
    • Uses correct terminology for all environmental system components.

  8. Avionics and Communications Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies avionics components: EFIS (PFD, MFD), standby instruments, autopilot, flight director, navigation systems (VOR, NDB, ILS, GPS, RNAV, FMS), communication radios, transponder, ELT.
    • Accurately describes autopilot modes, engagement/disengage procedures, and limitations.
    • Correctly explains navigation system operation and frequencies.
    • Accurately describes transponder modes (A, C, S, ADS-B Out) and code selection.
    • Correctly explains ELT operation, testing per 14 CFR §91.207, and battery life.
    • Uses correct terminology for all avionics components.

  9. Ice Protection Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies FIKI certification status of training helicopter per POH/RFM.
    • Accurately describes ice protection systems: rotor blade deice (if installed), windshield anti-ice, pitot heat, engine inlet anti-ice.
    • Correctly states when pitot heat must be ON (IFR flight, visible moisture).
    • Accurately explains ice detection methods and operating limitations in icing conditions.
    • Uses correct terminology for all ice protection components.

  10. Crew and Passenger Equipment Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies crew and passenger equipment: oxygen masks, survival gear, life vests, life raft (if installed), ELT, first aid kit, emergency exits.
    • Accurately describes emergency exit locations and jettison procedures.
    • Correctly explains evacuation procedures and crew duties.
    • Accurately recites passenger briefing items per 14 CFR §91.519 and §135.117.
    • Correctly cites equipment requirements per 14 CFR §91.509, §135.167, §135.168, §91.207.
    • Uses correct terminology for all crew and passenger equipment.

  11. Main and Tail Rotor Systems Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies main rotor components: hub, blades, swashplate, pitch links, dampers, main transmission, freewheeling unit.
    • Accurately describes tail rotor components: gearbox, driveshaft, intermediate gearboxes, pitch control linkage.
    • Correctly states main transmission oil capacity, grade, and inspection intervals per POH/RFM.
    • Accurately describes rotor brake operation (if installed) and limitations.
    • Correctly states rotor RPM limitations: minimum Nr for blade sailing, maximum Nr, normal operating range.
    • Accurately states torque limitations: continuous, transient, takeoff torque per POH/RFM.
    • Correctly explains chip detector function in transmissions and gearboxes.
    • Uses correct terminology for all rotor system components (e.g., “freewheeling unit,” “swashplate,” “pitch link”).

  12. Pitot-Static System Knowledge:

    • Correctly identifies pitot-static system components: pitot tube, static ports, pitot heat, alternate static source.
    • Accurately describes instruments powered by pitot-static system: airspeed indicator, altimeter, VSI, air data computer.
    • Correctly identifies gyroscopic instruments and power sources.
    • Accurately explains failure indications: red flags, red X on displays.
    • Correctly describes pitot blockage vs. static blockage effects.
    • Accurately explains alternate static source effects: altimeter reads high, airspeed reads high, VSI shows climb initially.
    • Uses correct terminology for all pitot-static components.

  13. POH/RFM, MEL, and OpSpecs Knowledge:

    • Demonstrates thorough familiarity with POH/RFM sections: General, Limitations, Emergency Procedures, Normal Procedures, Performance, Weight and Balance, Systems Description, Supplements.
    • Quickly and accurately locates specific system information in POH/RFM using table of contents and index.
    • Correctly identifies limitations from POH/RFM: airspeed, rotor RPM, torque, temperature, weight, CG, operational limits.
    • Accurately explains MEL purpose, categories (A, B, C, D), time limitations, and required procedures.
    • Demonstrates correct use of MEL: looks up inoperative item, identifies category, follows (M) and (O) procedures.
    • Correctly identifies when MEL cannot be used: items required by regulation, AD, TCDS, or affecting airworthiness.
    • If Part 135 training, demonstrates familiarity with applicable OpSpecs: authorized equipment, aircraft

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